龜的分類

龜的分類方法有許多,以下為三種龜鱉目(Testudines)和龜鱉亞綱(Testudinata)分類。

托馬斯和謝弗,2010

下面顯示的是托馬斯和謝弗(Thomson and Shaffer)在2010年給出的進化分支圖:[1]

 
Pleurodira
Pelomedusoides
 

Pelusios subniger

 
Pelomedusidae
 
 

Pelusios gabonensis

 
 

Pelusios williamsi

 
 
 
 

Pelomedusa subrufa

 
 

Pelusios sinuatus

 
 
 
Podocnemididae
 

Peltocephalus dumerilianus

 
 

Podocnemis unifilis

 
 

Podocnemis lewyana

 
 
 

Podocnemis expansa

 
 

Erymnochelys madagascariensis

 
 
 
 
Chelidae
Chelodininae
 
 

Chelodina rugosa

 
 
 

Chelodina longicollis

 
 

Chelodina oblonga

 
 
 
 
 

Pseudemydura umbrina

 
 
 

Emydura subglobosa

 
 
 

Elseya dentata

 
 

Elseya latisternum

 
 

Rheodytes leukops

 
 
 

Elusor macrurus

 
 

Elseya purvisi

 
 
 
 

Elseya georgesi

 
 

Emydura macquarii

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Hydromedusa tectifera

 
Chelinae
 

Chelus fimbriata

 
 
 

Platemys platycephala

 
 
 

Mesoclemmys nasuta

 
 

Mesoclemmys gibba

 
 
 
 

Acanthochelys radiolata

 
 
 

Acanthochelys spixii

 
 

Acanthochelys pallidipectoris

 
 
 
 
 

Mesoclemmys hogei

 
 
 

Phrynops williamsi

 
 
 

Phrynops geoffroanus

 
 

Phrynops hilarii

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trionychia
 

Carettochelys insculpta

 
Trionychidae
Cyclanorbinae
 
 

Lissemys scutata

 
 

Lissemys punctata

 
 
 
 
 

Cycloderma frenatum

 
 

Cycloderma aubryi

 
 
 
 

Cyclanorbis senegalensis

 
 

Cyclanorbis elegans

 
 
 
 
Trionychinae
 
 

Trionyx triunguis

 
 
 
 

Pelochelys bibroni

 
 

Pelochelys cantorii

 
 
 
 

Chitra vandijki

 
 
 

Chitra indica

 
 

Chitra chitra

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Rafetus euphraticus

 
 
 

Apalone mutica

 
 
 

Apalone ferox

 
 

Apalone spinifera

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Pelodiscus sinensis

 
 

Pelodiscus axenaria

 
 
 
 

Palea steindachneri

 
 
 

Dogania subplana

 
 
 

Amyda cartilaginea

 
 
 

Nilssonia gangetica

 
 
 

Nilssonia formosa

 
 

Nilssonia hurum

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

見下文的鱷龜科(Chelydridae)、海龜總科(Chelonioidea)、動胸龜總科(Kinosternoidea)、平胸龜科(Platysternidae)、澤龜科(Emydidae)、陸龜科(Testudinidae)和地龜科(Geoemydidae)

 
 
 

斯特林,2010

下面顯示的是斯特林(Sterli)在2010年給出的進化分支圖:[2]

Testudinata
 

†Proganochelys quenstedti

 
 
†Australochelyidae
 

†Palaeochersis talampayensis

 
 

†Australochelys africanus

 
 
 
 

†Proterochersis robusta

 
 
 

†Kayentachelys aprix

 
 

†Condorchelys antiqua

 
 

†Heckerochelys romani

 
 

†Indochelys spatulata

 
 
 
 

†Mongolochelys efremovi

 
†Meiolaniidae
 

†Meiolania platyceps

 
 

†Niolamia argentina

 
 
 
 

†Chubutemys copelloi

 
 
 

†Kallokibotion bajazidi

 
 
 

†Santanachelys gaffneyi

 
 
 

†Solnhofia parsonsi

 
 
 
†Plesiochelyidae
 

†Portlandemys macdowelli

 
 

†Plesiochelys solodurensis

 
 
 
 

†Dorsetochelys delairi

 
 

†Thalassemys moseri

 
Pleurosternidae
 

†Pleurosternon bullocki

 
 
 

†Glyptops plicatulus

 
 

†Dinochelys whitei

 
 
 
Baenidae
 

†Neurankylus eximius

 
 
 

†Trinitichelys hiatti

 
 
 

†Plesiobaena antiqua

 
 

†Boremys pulchra

 
 
 

†Baena arenosa

 
 

†Chisternon undulatum

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

†Siamochelys peninsularis

 
 

†Xinjianchelys latimarginalis

 
 

見下文的龜鱉目(Testudines)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Testudines
 
 
 

†Hangaiemys hoburensis

 
 

†Judithemys sukhanovi

 
 
 

†Dracochelys bicuspis

 
 
 

†Sinemys lens

 
 

†Ordosemys leios

 
 
 
 
 
 

†Toxochelys latiremys

 
 

†Mesodermochelys undulatus

 
 

Dermochelys coriacea

 
Cheloniidae
 

Caretta caretta

 
 

Chelonia mydas

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Platysternon megacephalum

 
 
 

†Mongolemys elegans

 
 
Emydidae
 

Chrysemys picta

 
 

Trachemys scripta

 
 
 
 

Geoclemys hamiltonii

 
Testudinidae
 

Gopherus polyphemus

 
 

Chelonoidis chilensis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

†Protochelydra zangerli

 
Chelydridae
 

Macroclemys temminckii

 
 

Chelydra serpentina

 
 
 
 
 

†Emarginachelys cretacea

 
 
 
 

†Baptemys wyomingensis

 
 

Dermatemys mawii

 
 

†Hoplochelys crassa

 
Kinosternidae
 

Staurotypus triporcatus

 
 
 

Sternotherus odoratus

 
 

Kinosternon flavescens

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

†Adocus beati

 
 
 

†Zangerlia neimongolensis

 
 

†Basilemys variolosa

 
 
 
 
 
 

†Peltochelys durlstoensis

 
 
 

†Anosteira ornata

 
 

Carettochelys insculpta

 
Trionychidae
 

Lissemys punctata

 
 
 

Apalone spinifera

 
 

Pelodiscus sinensis

 
 
 
 
 
 

†Sandownia harrisi

 
Pleurodira
 
 

†Platychelys oberndorferi

 
 

†Caribemys oxfordiensis

 
 

†Notoemys laticentralis

 
 
Chelidae
 
 

Phrynops geoffroanus

 
 

Chelus fimbriatus

 
 
 
 
 

Elseya dentata

 
 

Elseya latisternum

 
 
 
 

Chelodina oblonga

 
 

Chelodina longicollis

 
 
 
 
Pelomedusoides
 

Pelomedusa subrufa

 
 
 

Erymnochelys madagascariensis

 
 

Podocnemis expansa

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

喬伊斯,2007

下面顯示的是喬伊斯(Joyce)在2007年給出的進化分支圖:[3]

Testudinata
 

Proganochelys quenstedti

 
 
 

Palaeochersis talampayensis

 
 

Australochelys africanus

 
 
 

Proterochersis robusta

 
 
 

Kayentachelys aprix

 
 
 
 

Meiolania platyceps

 
 

Mongolochelys efremovi

 
 
 
 

Kallokibotion bajazidi

 
Testudines
 
 

Platychelys oberndorferi

 
 
 

Caribemys oxfordiensis

 
 
 

Notoemys laticentralis

 
Pleurodira
Chelidae
 

Elseya dentata

 
 

Phyrops geoffroanus

 
 

Chelodina siebenrocki

 
 
Pelomedusoides
 

Podocnemis expansa

 
 

Pelomedusa subrufa

 
 

Erymnochelys madagascariensis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Dorsetochelys delairi

 
Paracryptodira
Pleurosternidae
 

Pleurosternon bullocki

 
 
 

Glyptops plicatulus

 
 

Dinochelys whitei

 
 
 
Baenidae
 

Neurankylus eximius

 
 
 

Trinitichelys hiatti

 
 
 

Plesiobaena antiqua

 
 
 

Boremys pulchra

 
 
 

Baena arenosa

 
 

Chisternon undatum

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Eucryptodira
 

Plesiochelys solodurensis

 
 

Portlandemys mcdowelli

 
 
 
 

Solnhofia parsonsi

 
 
 
 

Thalassemys moseri

 
 

Sandownia harrisi

 
 
 

Santanachelys gaffneyi

 
 
 
 
 

Xinjiangchelys latimarginalis

 
 
 

Hangaiemys hoburensis

 
 
 
 

Judithemys sukhavoni

 
 
 

Dracochelys bicuspis

 
 
 

Sinemys lens

 
 

Ordosemys leios

 
 
 
 
 

見下文的曲颈龟亚目(Cryptodira)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cryptodira
 
 

Toxochelys latiremis

 
Chelonioidea
 
 

Mesodermochelys undulatus

 
 

Dermochelys coriacea

 
 
Cheloniidae
 

Chelonia mydas

 
 

Caretta caretta

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Protochelydra zangerli

 
Chelydridae
 

Chelydra serpentina

 
 

Macrochelys temmincki

 
 
 
 
 

Platysternon megacephalum

 
 
 
 

Mongolemys elegans

 
Testudinoidea
 

Gopherus polyphemus

 
 
 

Geoclemys hamiltoni

 
 

Chrysemys picta

 
 
 
 
Trionychoidea
 
 

Emarginachelys cretacea

 
Kinosternoidea
 
 

Baptemys wyomingensis

 
 

Dermatemys mawii

 
 
 
 

Hoplochelys crassa

 
 
 

Staurotypus triporcatus

 
 
 

Sternotherus odoratus

 
 

Kinosternon scorpioides

 
 
 
 
 
 
Pantrionychia
Adocidae
 

Adocus beati

 
 
 

Basilemys variolosa

 
 

Zangerlia neimongolensis

 
 
 
 
 

Peltochelys durlstonensis

 
Trionychia
Pancarettochelyidae
 

Pseudanosteria pulchra

 
 

Carettochelys insculpta

 
 
Trionychidae
 

Lisemys punctata

 
 

Apalone ferox

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

参考文献

  1. Thomson, R.C. & Shaffer, H.B. (PDF). Systematic Biology. 2010, 59 (1): 42–58 [2014-12-14]. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syp075. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2010-11-21).
  2. Sterli, J. . Contributions to Zoology. 2010, 79 (3): 93–106.
  3. Joyce, W.G. (PDF). Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 2007, 48 (1): 62 [2014-12-14]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-06-06).
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